Murphy"sLaw suggests,“Ifanythingcangowrong,it will.“Murphyhas motivated numerouspearls of wisdom about projects;machines,people,andwhythings go wrong.A project is a [temporary]sequence ofunique,complex,andconnected(  1  )having one goal orpurpose andthat must be completed by aspecifictime,within budget,and accordingto

(  2  ).Project managementis the(   3  )ofscoping,planning,staffingorganizing,directing,and controlling the development ofanacceptableinformation system at a minimum costwithinaspecifiedtimeframe.Project management is a cross life cycle activity because it overlapsallphases of any systems development methodology.

For any systems development project,effective project management isnecessary toensure that the project meets the deadline,is developedwithin a (an)(   4   )budget,and fulfills customer expectations andspecifications.

Corporate rightsizing has changed the structure and culture of mostorganizations,and hence,project management.Moreflexibleandtemporary interdepartmental(不同部门间)teams thataregiven greaterresponsibility and authorityfor the success oforganizations havereplaced rigid hierarchical command structures and permanent teams.Contemporary system development methodologies depend on havingteamsthat include both technical and nontechnical users,managers,andinformation technologistsall directed to the project goal.These(    5    )teams require leadershipand project management.